Master Your Production with Precision: The Definitive Guide to Web Tension Load Cells In the fast-paced world of modern manufacturing, where precision, efficiency, and quality are paramount, subtle yet critical factors can make or break a production line. Among these, web tension control stands out as a fundamental requirement across diverse industries. From delicate films to robust textiles, maintaining optimal tension is the secret ingredient for flawless end products, reduced waste, and maximized throughput. At the heart of this crucial process lies the web tension load cell – a highly specialized sensor designed to accurately measure and control the pulling force on continuous materials. This comprehensive guide will delve deep into the world of web tension load cells, exploring their working principles, diverse applications, undeniable benefits, types, and essential considerations for selection, installation, and calibration. Whether you're a manufacturer in the printing, packaging, textile, or converting industry, understanding and leveraging the power of web tension load cells is key to unlocking superior performance and profitability. What is a Web Tension Load Cell and How Does It Work? A web tension load cell is a sophisticated force sensor specifically engineered to measure the tension or pulling force applied to a continuous sheet or web of material as it moves through a processing line. Unlike conventional load cells designed for general weighing or compression, web tension load cells are optimized for precise detection of relatively low forces in dynamic web handling environments. The core principle behind most web tension load cells is the strain gauge technology. Here's a simplified breakdown of how they operate: Sensing Beam/Element: The load cell incorporates a meticulously designed sensing element, often a bending beam or a differential bending beam, which is strategically positioned to come into contact with the web or roller supporting the web. Strain Gauges: Tiny electrical resistors called strain gauges are precisely bonded to this sensing element. These gauges are highly sensitive to minute deformations. Force to Deformation: As the web exerts tension on the roller, the sensing element within the load cell experiences a slight deformation or strain. Resistance Change: This deformation causes the strain gauges to stretch or compress, leading to a proportional change in their electrical resistance. Electrical Signal: These changes in resistance are then converted into a measurable electrical signal (typically a voltage change) by a Wheatstone bridge circuit. Signal Processing: The electrical signal, often in millivolts (mV), is then amplified by a load cell amplifier and transmitted to a tension controller. Real-time Feedback & Control: The tension controller processes this signal, compares it to a pre-set tension target, and then sends corrective signals to actuators like brakes, motors, or clutches. This creates a closed-loop control system, continuously adjusting the tension to maintain the desired level. This real-time feedback loop is crucial for preventing material defects, optimizing machine speed, and ensuring consistent product quality. Why Are Web Tension Load Cells Indispensable? The Benefits Unleashed The precise control offered by web tension load cells translates into a multitude of significant benefits for manufacturers: Superior Product Quality: This is arguably the most critical advantage. Consistent web tension prevents a host of defects such as wrinkling, creasing, stretching, tearing, misregistration in printing, and uneven coating. This leads to a higher quality end product that meets stringent specifications and reduces customer complaints. Reduced Material Waste: By preventing material damage and ensuring optimal processing, web tension load cells drastically cut down on scrap and rework, leading to substantial cost savings. Increased Production Efficiency and Throughput: With stable tension, machines can operate at higher speeds without fear of web breaks or material handling issues. This maximizes production capacity and reduces downtime. Enhanced Machine Uptime and Longevity: By preventing excessive stress on machinery components due to uncontrolled tension, load cells contribute to smoother operation, reduced wear and tear, and extended lifespan of equipment. Optimized Process Control: Real-time feedback allows for dynamic adjustments, adapting to changes in material properties, machine speed, or environmental conditions, ensuring consistent performance throughout the production run. Greater Automation Compatibility: Web tension load cells seamlessly integrate with modern PLC and SCADA systems, enabling fully automated tension control, minimizing manual intervention, and freeing up operators for other critical tasks. Data Logging and Analysis: Many advanced load cell systems offer data logging capabilities, providing valuable insights into tension profiles over time. This data can be used for process optimization, troubleshooting, and predictive maintenance. Improved Safety: By preventing web breaks and sudden tension fluctuations, load cells contribute to a safer working environment for operators. Diverse Applications Across Industries Web tension load cells are the unsung heroes in a wide array of industries that handle continuous web materials: Printing Industry: Critical for maintaining consistent registration, preventing paper breaks, and ensuring high-quality print on paper, film, and foil in flexographic, offset, digital, and gravure printing presses. Packaging Industry: Essential for controlling tension in films, foils, and laminates during processes like laminating, slitting, rewinding, form-fill-seal operations, and label manufacturing. Textile Industry: Used in weaving, knitting, coating, and finishing processes to maintain even yarn and fabric tension, preventing irregularities, snags, and ensuring consistent fabric quality. Converting Industry: Broadly encompasses various processes like slitting, rewinding, coating, laminating, and embossing of paper, plastic films, non-wovens, and metal foils. Plastic Film Extrusion: Crucial for controlling tension in blown film and cast film lines to ensure uniform thickness and consistent material properties. Wire and Cable Manufacturing: Employed to monitor and control tension during wire drawing, stranding, and winding operations, preventing breakage and ensuring product integrity. Tyre Manufacturing: Used in various stages involving rubber sheeting and cord winding to maintain precise tension. Battery Production: Involves coating and slitting processes where consistent tension of electrode materials is vital for battery performance. Types of Web Tension Load Cells While the underlying principle of strain gauge technology remains common, web tension load cells come in various forms to suit different installation requirements and applications: Pillow Block Load Cells: These are commonly integrated directly into the machine frame, often replacing or complementing existing pillow block bearings. They measure the horizontal and/or vertical forces exerted by the roller shaft. Flange Mounted Load Cells: Designed for easy installation, these load cells are typically mounted to a machine frame with a flange, providing a direct measurement point for web tension. Cantilever Load Cells: Often used in applications with single-sided web support, these compact load cells are ideal for measuring tension in narrow webs or on cantilevered rollers. Through-Shaft Load Cells: These load cells are designed to fit directly onto the shaft of the roller, offering a compact and direct measurement solution. Sensor Rollers: These are specialized rollers with integrated load cell technology, offering a self-contained and often simpler installation for tension measurement. Flat Load Cells: Compact and low-profile designs that fit into tight spaces, measuring tension across a flat surface. Round/Axial Load Cells: Designed for specific mounting configurations, often to measure tension along an axial direction. The choice of load cell type depends on factors like available space, roller configuration, web width, tension range, and environmental conditions. Selection, Installation, and Calibration: Key Considerations To maximize the performance and lifespan of your web tension load cells, consider these vital aspects: Selection: Tension Range: Crucial to match the load cell's capacity to the expected tension range of your application. Overloading can damage the sensor, while an undersized sensor may lack sensitivity. Accuracy and Sensitivity: High precision is key for optimal control. Look for specifications like non-linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability. Environmental Factors: Consider operating temperature, humidity, dust, and potential for corrosive elements. Choose load cells with appropriate IP ratings and material construction (e.g., stainless steel for harsh environments). Mounting Configuration: Ensure the load cell type is compatible with your machine's design and roller setup. Output Signal: Most load cells provide a mV/V output, which needs to be compatible with your tension controller. Overload Protection: Important for safeguarding the load cell from accidental damage due to sudden force spikes. Installation: Proper Alignment: Incorrect alignment is a common cause of inaccurate readings. Ensure the load cell is perfectly aligned with the direction of the web tension. Rigid Mounting: The mounting surface must be stable and rigid to prevent extraneous forces from affecting measurements. Cable Routing: Protect sensor cables from mechanical damage, electrical interference (EMC), and extreme temperatures. Use shielded cables where necessary. Manufacturer Guidelines: Always strictly follow the manufacturer's installation instructions for optimal performance and longevity. Calibration: Regular Calibration: Load cells, like any precision instrument, require periodic calibration to maintain accuracy and compensate for potential drift over time. Zeroing: Before applying any tension, the load cell system must be “zeroed” to account for any residual load or tare weight. Multi-point Calibration: For optimal accuracy, perform calibration at multiple points across the expected tension range using certified calibration weights or known forces. Professional Calibration: For critical applications, consider engaging professional calibration services to ensure compliance with industry standards. Documentation: Maintain detailed records of all calibration activities for traceability and quality assurance. The Future of Web Tension Control As industries move towards even greater automation and intelligent manufacturing, web tension load cells will continue to evolve. Advancements include: Enhanced Connectivity: Integration with Industrial IoT (IIoT) platforms for remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data analytics. Miniaturization: Smaller, more compact designs for integration into increasingly complex and space-constrained machinery. Advanced Materials: Development of new materials for improved durability, temperature stability, and higher overload capacities. AI and Machine Learning Integration: Leveraging AI for predictive tension control, anomaly detection, and self-optimization of web handling processes. Partnering for Precision Choosing the right web tension load cell and implementing an effective tension control system is a crucial investment for any manufacturer aiming for superior product quality and operational excellence. By understanding the principles, benefits, and considerations outlined in this guide, you can make informed decisions that drive efficiency, reduce waste, and ultimately, elevate your production capabilities. Partner with reputable manufacturers and suppliers who can provide not only high-quality web tension load cells but also expert advice, technical support, and comprehensive after-sales service. Your journey towards mastering web tension control starts here. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

What Is a Multicolumn Load Cell? A multicolumn load cell is a type of force sensor that uses multiple parallel columns to bear and measure heavy compressive loads. These load cells are designed to handle extremely high capacities—ranging from tens to thousands of tons—with high accuracy and reliability. Unlike single-column or shear beam load cells, multicolumn load cells distribute the force across several columns. This structural configuration minimizes deformation, reduces stress concentrations, and improves measurement stability. How Does a Multicolumn Load Cell Work? Multicolumn load cells operate on the principle of strain gauge technology. Each column in the load cell is instrumented with strain gauges that detect minute changes in length as force is applied. These changes in resistance are converted into an electrical signal that can be measured and calibrated to represent the exact force applied. The use of multiple columns ensures that the load is evenly distributed, which enhances linearity, repeatability, and overall performance under high-stress conditions. Key Features of Multi column Load Cells High Capacity Multi column load cells are engineered to handle extremely large forces, often exceeding 1000 kN or even 5000 kN in custom applications. Robust Construction Typically made from stainless steel or high-grade alloy, these load cells are built for durability in demanding environments. Superior Accuracy Their design minimizes off-axis loading effects, ensuring precise and repeatable readings even under fluctuating conditions. Environmental Resistance Many multi column load cells are sealed to IP67 or IP68 standards, allowing them to perform reliably in harsh conditions like dust, moisture, or temperature extremes. Fatigue Resistance Designed for long-term use under cyclic loading, these load cells can withstand millions of load cycles without degradation in performance. Applications of Multi column Load Cells 1. Heavy Machinery Testing Multi column load cells are widely used in testing the structural integrity of cranes, hoists, and other heavy machinery. Their ability to withstand high loads makes them ideal for verifying maximum capacity and stress points. 2. Aerospace and Defence In aerospace testing labs, multi column load cells measure the forces involved in aircraft landing gear, fuselage stress testing, and engine thrust assessments. 3. Automotive Crash and Durability Testing The automotive industry relies on these load cells for component stress analysis, frame testing, and crash simulations. 4. Material and Structural Testing Testing concrete, steel beams, and composite materials under compression or tensile loads requires reliable and precise sensors like multi column load cells. 5. Hydraulic and Mechanical Presses They are commonly integrated into press machines to monitor and control the amount of force being applied during forming, stamping, or forging processes. Benefits of Using a Multi column Load Cell ✔ High Load Capacity Multi column load cells are ideal for measuring loads that exceed the capabilities of traditional single-element load cells. ✔ Stability and Repeatability With multiple load-bearing columns, these sensors offer unmatched stability even under continuous or cyclic loading. ✔ Versatility Available in a wide range of capacities and configurations, they can be customised to suit unique industrial applications. ✔ Enhanced Safety Accurate force measurement ensures operational safety, especially when used in critical load monitoring systems. ✔ Long-Term Reliability Designed to operate over millions of cycles, they are suitable for long-term, maintenance-free use. Choosing the Right Multi column Load Cell When selecting a multi column load cell for your application, consider the following factors: Capacity Range: Choose a load cell with a capacity that matches or exceeds your maximum expected load. Accuracy Class: Depending on your application, you may need higher precision (e.g., 0.05% FS for lab testing). Environmental Conditions: Look for IP-rated cells if the application involves dust, water, or temperature variations. Mounting Requirements: Ensure compatibility with your test rig or system’s design. Signal Output Type: Common options include mV/V, 4-20mA, or digital output for easy integration with control systems. Multi column Load Cell vs Other Types Load Cell Type Load Capacity Accuracy Best For Multi column Very High High Heavy-duty and high-capacity testing Shear Beam Medium Medium Industrial scales, tank weighing S-type Low to Medium High Tension/compression in smaller ranges Single-Point Low Medium Small scales, retail applications Maintenance and Calibration Multi column load cells are generally low-maintenance but require periodic calibration to ensure long-term accuracy. Calibration should be performed by certified technicians using traceable weights or hydraulic calibration systems. Tips for Prolonged Load Cell Life: Avoid exceeding the rated capacity. Protect against side and impact loads. Use overload protection mechanisms. Regularly inspect mounting hardware and electrical connections. Conclusion A multi column load cell is a highly reliable and accurate force measurement device engineered for large-scale, high-capacity applications. Its multi-column architecture offers exceptional durability, load handling, and resistance to environmental factors. From aerospace to structural testing and heavy manufacturing, these load cells provide the precision and performance required in mission-critical environments. Whether you're looking to upgrade your testing setup or need reliable data from high-load operations, multi column load cells are a sound investment in measurement accuracy and system safety. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

Introduction In modern engineering, robotics, and manufacturing industries, the need for compact, high-accuracy force sensors is greater than ever. One such sensor that stands out for its small form factor and excellent compression performance is the button load cell. Also known as a miniature compression load cell, this sensor type is ideal for applications with limited space but demanding precision. This comprehensive guide explores the design, function, benefits, and common uses of button load cells. We’ll also provide helpful tips for selecting the right sensor and include SEO-optimized keywords to improve visibility in search engines. What is a Button Load Cell? A button load cell is a small, disc-shaped force sensor designed primarily for compression force measurement. It gets its name from its resemblance to a flat button and is typically used in tight spaces where a traditional load cell won’t fit. Despite its compact size, a button load cell is capable of handling a wide range of forces—from a few Newtons up to several tons—while maintaining excellent accuracy and repeatability. How Button Load Cells Work Most button load cells operate using strain gauge technology. Here’s a breakdown of how they function: Force Application: A compressive force is applied to the center of the load cell's top surface. Strain Response: This force causes a slight deformation in the load cell's internal structure. Strain Gauge Reaction: Strain gauges bonded inside the sensor detect this deformation as a change in electrical resistance. Signal Conversion: The change in resistance is converted into an electrical signal (typically in mV/V), which is proportional to the force applied. Data Output: This signal can be fed into a data acquisition system (DAQ), amplifier, or display unit for real-time force monitoring. Key Features of Button Load Cells ✅ Ultra-Compact Design: Some models are as small as 5 mm in diameter. ✅ Compression-Only Measurement: Ideal for vertical load and press applications. ✅ Wide Capacity Range: Available in ranges from a few grams up to 100,000+ pounds. ✅ High Strength Materials: Constructed from stainless steel or alloy steel for industrial durability. ✅ High Accuracy and Repeatability: Ideal for precise, repeatable measurements in test environments. ✅ Low Deflection: Minimal deformation ensures fast response and high stiffness. Applications of Button Load Cells 1. Press Force Monitoring Used in manual and hydraulic presses to measure applied compressive forces during forming, stamping, or pressing processes. 2. Robotics and Automation In robot joints and end-effectors, button load cells provide compact force feedback to enhance control and safety. 3. Medical Device Testing Ideal for prosthetics, orthopedic implants, and surgical tools, where compact size and precision are vital. 4. Material Testing Machines Used in compression test rigs to measure the response of materials under load, such as in foam, rubber, and plastic testing. 5. R&D and Prototyping Engineers use button load cells in prototype builds where space is constrained but force feedback is needed. 6. Consumer Electronics Testing Used in testing the tactile force of keyboards, buttons, and touchscreens to ensure product consistency. Benefits of Using Button Load Cells ✔️ Space-Saving Installation The ultra-small footprint allows for integration in tight or embedded spaces without affecting the host device’s design. ✔️ Excellent Load Sensitivity Despite their small size, button load cells offer precise readings over a wide load range. ✔️ Easy Integration Flat-bottomed design allows for simple surface mounting or embedding into custom fixtures. ✔️ High Durability Built to withstand repeated use in industrial and lab environments without loss of accuracy. ✔️ Customizable Output Available with various signal output options, including: mV/V (standard strain gauge) 0–5V or 0–10V (amplified analog) 4–20mA (current loop) USB or digital (via external signal conditioner) Factors to Consider When Choosing a Button Load Cell 1. Force Capacity Choose a load cell that matches your expected maximum force. Always leave a safety margin to avoid overload. 2. Sensor Size Match the diameter and height of the sensor to your available space. 3. Mounting Method Ensure a stable, flat surface for installation. Some button load cells include threaded mounting holes or adhesive bases. 4. Output Signal Type Select a sensor with output compatible with your system—whether it's direct mV/V or amplified analog/digital. 5. Environmental Conditions If the sensor is used in wet, dusty, or high-temperature environments, look for models with IP-rated enclosures or environmental sealing. 6. Calibration Ensure the load cell comes with a NIST-traceable calibration certificate or equivalent. Regular calibration ensures long-term accuracy. Installation Tips Mount on Flat, Rigid Surfaces: Uneven surfaces may lead to incorrect readings. Avoid Lateral Loading: These sensors are designed for vertical (axial) compression only. Center the Load: Apply force directly to the center dome or button for best results. Use Load Pads if Needed: Some applications require load-distribution accessories to prevent damage from point loads. Protect Wiring: Strain-relieve cables and avoid sharp bends near the sensor body. Maintenance and Calibration Button load cells require minimal maintenance but should be checked periodically for: Physical damage or deformation Cable wear or signal interference Signal drift (zero-point shifting) Annual calibration is recommended for critical measurements, especially in regulated industries like aerospace or healthcare. Conclusion Button load cells are a vital part of the force measurement toolkit, especially in applications where size, accuracy, and simplicity matter. Whether you’re measuring press forces, embedding sensors in robotics, or testing medical devices, these compact compression sensors offer precision in a tiny package. With a variety of capacities, output types, and rugged designs, button load cells are suitable for both R&D and production environments. When selected and installed properly, they provide years of reliable, high-accuracy measurements in the most space-constrained settings. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

What is a Button Load Cell? A button load cell is a small, disc-shaped force sensor designed primarily for compression force measurement. It gets its name from its resemblance to a flat button and is typically used in tight spaces where a traditional load cell won’t fit. Despite its compact size, a button load cell is capable of handling a wide range of forces—from a few Newtons up to several tons—while maintaining excellent accuracy and repeatability. How Button Load Cells Work Most button load cells operate using strain gauge technology. Here’s a breakdown of how they function: Force Application: A compressive force is applied to the center of the load cell's top surface. Strain Response: This force causes a slight deformation in the load cell's internal structure. Strain Gauge Reaction: Strain gauges bonded inside the sensor detect this deformation as a change in electrical resistance. Signal Conversion: The change in resistance is converted into an electrical signal (typically in mV/V), which is proportional to the force applied. Data Output: This signal can be fed into a data acquisition system (DAQ), amplifier, or display unit for real-time force monitoring. Key Features of Button Load Cells ✅ Ultra-Compact Design: Some models are as small as 5 mm in diameter. ✅ Compression-Only Measurement: Ideal for vertical load and press applications. ✅ Wide Capacity Range: Available in ranges from a few grams up to 100,000+ pounds. ✅ High Strength Materials: Constructed from stainless steel or alloy steel for industrial durability. ✅ High Accuracy and Repeatability: Ideal for precise, repeatable measurements in test environments. ✅ Low Deflection: Minimal deformation ensures fast response and high stiffness. Applications of Button Load Cells 1. Press Force Monitoring Used in manual and hydraulic presses to measure applied compressive forces during forming, stamping, or pressing processes. 2. Robotics and Automation In robot joints and end-effectors, button load cells provide compact force feedback to enhance control and safety. 3. Medical Device Testing Ideal for prosthetics, orthopedic implants, and surgical tools, where compact size and precision are vital. 4. Material Testing Machines Used in compression test rigs to measure the response of materials under load, such as in foam, rubber, and plastic testing. 5. R&D and Prototyping Engineers use button load cells in prototype builds where space is constrained but force feedback is needed. 6. Consumer Electronics Testing Used in testing the tactile force of keyboards, buttons, and touchscreens to ensure product consistency. Benefits of Using Button Load Cells ✔️ Space-Saving Installation The ultra-small footprint allows for integration in tight or embedded spaces without affecting the host device’s design. ✔️ Excellent Load Sensitivity Despite their small size, button load cells offer precise readings over a wide load range. ✔️ Easy Integration Flat-bottomed design allows for simple surface mounting or embedding into custom fixtures. ✔️ High Durability Built to withstand repeated use in industrial and lab environments without loss of accuracy. ✔️ Customizable Output Available with various signal output options, including: mV/V (standard strain gauge) 0–5V or 0–10V (amplified analog) 4–20mA (current loop) USB or digital (via external signal conditioner) Factors to Consider When Choosing a Button Load Cell 1. Force Capacity Choose a load cell that matches your expected maximum force. Always leave a safety margin to avoid overload. 2. Sensor Size Match the diameter and height of the sensor to your available space. 3. Mounting Method Ensure a stable, flat surface for installation. Some button load cells include threaded mounting holes or adhesive bases. 4. Output Signal Type Select a sensor with output compatible with your system—whether it's direct mV/V or amplified analog/digital. 5. Environmental Conditions If the sensor is used in wet, dusty, or high-temperature environments, look for models with IP-rated enclosures or environmental sealing. 6. Calibration Ensure the load cell comes with a NIST-traceable calibration certificate or equivalent. Regular calibration ensures long-term accuracy. Installation Tips Mount on Flat, Rigid Surfaces: Uneven surfaces may lead to incorrect readings. Avoid Lateral Loading: These sensors are designed for vertical (axial) compression only. Center the Load: Apply force directly to the center dome or button for best results. Use Load Pads if Needed: Some applications require load-distribution accessories to prevent damage from point loads. Protect Wiring: Strain-relieve cables and avoid sharp bends near the sensor body. Maintenance and Calibration Button load cells require minimal maintenance but should be checked periodically for: Physical damage or deformation Cable wear or signal interference Signal drift (zero-point shifting) Annual calibration is recommended for critical measurements, especially in regulated industries like aerospace or healthcare. Conclusion Button load cells are a vital part of the force measurement toolkit, especially in applications where size, accuracy, and simplicity matter. Whether you’re measuring press forces, embedding sensors in robotics, or testing medical devices, these compact compression sensors offer precision in a tiny package. With a variety of capacities, output types, and rugged designs, button load cells are suitable for both R&D and production environments. When selected and installed properly, they provide years of reliable, high-accuracy measurements in the most space-constrained settings. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

What is a Ring Type Load Cell? A ring type load cell, also known as a donut load cell or through-hole load cell, is a specialized force transducer with a circular, donut-like shape and a central hole. This hole allows the load cell to be installed around bolts, rods, or shafts, enabling direct measurement of axial compression forces. These load cells are especially useful when force needs to be measured around a mechanical component that passes through the sensor. Ring load cells are designed to measure compression-only forces, although some models may be configured for limited tension applications depending on design and mounting. How Ring Load Cells Work Ring type load cells generally use strain gauge technology to measure deformation caused by applied force. Here's how the process works: Force Application: A compressive force is applied through the central hole, pressing down on the sensor’s inner and outer rings. Strain Measurement: Strain gauges bonded to strategic locations on the load cell measure the minute deformations in the metal body as force is applied. Electrical Signal Output: The changes in resistance of the strain gauges are converted into an electrical signal, which is then processed and calibrated to represent the applied load accurately. Most ring type load cells are constructed using stainless steel or aluminum alloys, providing excellent durability and corrosion resistance. Key Features of Ring Type Load Cells Compact, Low-Profile Design: Ideal for installations with limited vertical space. Central Through-Hole: Enables axial load measurement around shafts, bolts, or tie rods. High Capacity Range: Typically available from a few kilograms to several tons. High Accuracy: Suitable for precision force measurement applications. Robust Construction: Made from durable materials to withstand harsh environments. Multiple Mounting Options: Flat, recessed, or flanged designs available for diverse applications. Applications of Ring Type Load Cells Ring type load cells are used across various industries due to their unique shape and versatility. Common applications include: 1. Bolt Force Measurement These sensors are widely used to monitor preload forces in bolts, ensuring that fastening systems are tightened to the correct specifications. By placing the load cell under the bolt head or nut, accurate clamping force can be monitored in real time. 2. Press Force Monitoring In hydraulic and mechanical presses, ring load cells are mounted to measure compressive forces during forming, stamping, or molding processes. 3. Automotive Component Testing Ring load cells are frequently used in automotive R&D for testing components such as suspension systems, engine mounts, and transmission parts under load. 4. Material Testing Machines Used in tensile and compressive testing systems to measure force applied to various materials and components. 5. Industrial Automation In robotics and automated production lines, ring load cells help monitor pressing, clamping, and assembling forces, enhancing quality control and safety. 6. Aerospace and Defense Ring load cells support structural testing and force monitoring in aircraft, missiles, and space applications where compact, high-accuracy sensors are crucial. Benefits of Using a Ring Type Load Cell ✔️ Space-Saving Design Thanks to the central hole and low-profile structure, ring load cells are ideal for compact systems where vertical space is limited. ✔️ Direct Axial Force Measurement Unlike traditional load cells, ring types allow for accurate measurement of axial compression directly around bolts or rods. ✔️ High Accuracy and Repeatability Modern ring load cells provide precise, repeatable measurements, making them suitable for critical quality control applications. ✔️ Wide Range of Capacities Whether for lightweight applications or heavy-duty industrial systems, ring load cells come in a wide variety of capacity ranges. ✔️ Durable in Harsh Environments With stainless steel construction and optional environmental sealing (IP65, IP67, or higher), these sensors are designed for rugged use. Important Considerations When Choosing a Ring Load Cell When selecting a ring type load cell, consider the following factors to ensure optimal performance and integration: 1. Load Capacity Choose a sensor that fits your expected load range. A margin of 20–30% above your maximum load is generally recommended to avoid overload damage. 2. Inner Diameter The central hole size should be large enough to accommodate bolts or rods while maintaining proper force distribution. 3. Outer Diameter and Height These dimensions are critical for space-constrained applications. Make sure the load cell fits your mechanical layout. 4. Mounting Configuration Some ring load cells include mounting holes or flanges; others require custom fixturing. Ensure compatibility with your equipment. 5. Output Signal Standard output is mV/V (millivolts per volt), but many models are available with integrated signal conditioners for analog (4–20 mA, 0–10 V) or digital (USB, RS-485) output. 6. Environmental Conditions If the application involves high temperature, humidity, dust, or chemical exposure, select a load cell with appropriate IP rating and corrosion-resistant materials. 7. Calibration Look for load cells that are factory-calibrated with NIST-traceable certificates, especially if used in regulated or quality-sensitive industries. Calibration and Maintenance Regular calibration is essential for maintaining accuracy. It's recommended to calibrate ring load cells: Upon initial installation After exposure to overload or impact Periodically (every 6–12 months, depending on use) Routine maintenance includes: Inspecting for physical damage or corrosion Checking for cable integrity Verifying zero-load signal and drift ring type load cell donut load cell sensor through-hole load cell compression load cell with center hole ring force sensor axial compression load cell bolt force measurement sensor stainless steel ring load cell low-profile compression sensor high-capacity ring load cell Incorporating these keywords naturally within headings, meta descriptions, alt texts, and throughout your content can improve search engine visibility. Conclusion Ring type load cells are indispensable tools for compact, high-accuracy force measurement in compression applications. Their unique donut shape allows them to measure axial loads directly through a central hole, making them especially valuable in applications like bolt force monitoring, press control, and structural testing. With a wide range of sizes, capacities, and output options, ring load cells offer engineers and designers a reliable solution for many force sensing challenges. When chosen and installed correctly, they deliver long-term precision, reliability, and integration flexibility across industries. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

In modern industrial and scientific settings, precision measurement of force and weight is vital. One of the key tools in achieving such precision is the inline load cell—a type of force transducer designed for compact, high-accuracy force measurement applications. Inline load cells are essential in environments where accurate tension and compression force data is required without compromising on space or robustness. This article explores what inline load cells are, how they work, their applications, advantages, and important considerations when selecting one for your specific needs. What is an Inline Load Cell? An inline load cell, also referred to as an inline force sensor, is a type of load cell designed to be installed directly in line with the force path. Unlike platform load cells or beam load cells that are often mounted beneath surfaces or on support structures, inline load cells are typically cylindrical and are used in applications where the force is applied along the axis of the sensor. They are commonly used for tension and compression measurements, and because of their compact, inline form factor, they are ideal for applications with limited installation space or where axial force measurement is required with minimal mechanical complexity. Working Principle of Inline Load Cells Most inline load cells operate based on strain gauge technology. Here's how it works: Strain Gauges: A strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance changes when it is stretched or compressed. Inline load cells typically have multiple strain gauges arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. Deformation Under Load: When a force is applied to the load cell, the internal structure (usually made of stainless steel or aluminum) deforms slightly. Electrical Signal Output: The strain gauges detect this deformation and convert it into a change in electrical resistance. This resistance change is converted into a voltage signal, which can then be amplified and interpreted as a force measurement. Some advanced models may use piezoelectric or capacitive sensing, but strain gauge-based systems remain the most common due to their reliability and cost-effectiveness. Key Features of Inline Load Cells Inline load cells are specifically designed for high-accuracy and durability in demanding conditions. Some common features include: High Capacity Range: Available in ranges from a few Newtons to hundreds of kilonewtons. Compact Design: Slim, cylindrical bodies that fit inline with test fixtures and machinery. Bidirectional Measurement: Can measure both tension and compression forces. High Accuracy: Typically offer full-scale accuracy within 0.1% or better. Robust Construction: Made from stainless steel or aerospace-grade aluminum for high durability. Applications of Inline Load Cells Inline load cells are used in a wide range of industries, including: 1. Industrial Automation In automated manufacturing processes, force feedback is essential for controlling robotic arms, stamping machines, and assembly presses. Inline load cells provide real-time data on the forces being applied, improving product quality and operational safety. 2. Materials Testing Tensile and compressive material testing often requires highly accurate force measurement. Inline load cells are integral components of testing machines used to evaluate the strength and elasticity of materials like metals, plastics, and composites. 3. Aerospace and Automotive In these sectors, precision is non-negotiable. Inline load cells are used to measure component loads, simulate real-world stresses during design validation, and monitor mechanical systems in real time. 4. Medical Devices Applications in prosthetics, surgical robotics, and rehabilitation equipment often use miniature inline load cells to monitor applied forces without adding significant bulk or weight. 5. Robotics Force feedback in robotic joints or grippers enhances performance and allows for more sensitive, adaptive motion. Inline load cells help robots understand how much force they are applying, which is crucial for handling delicate or variable loads. 6. Research and Development Labs frequently use inline load cells to monitor forces during experiments, structural tests, or prototype evaluations. Their small size and high accuracy make them perfect for confined or controlled environments. Advantages of Using Inline Load Cells 1. Space Efficiency Their compact, inline configuration makes them ideal for applications with tight space constraints. This is especially useful in retrofitting existing systems or integrating sensors into compact mechanical assemblies. 2. Direct Force Path Measurement Inline load cells measure force directly along the axis, reducing errors due to off-axis loading or structural deflection. This leads to more accurate and consistent data. 3. High Load Capacity Despite their small size, many inline load cells can handle high forces, making them suitable for both micro and heavy-duty applications. 4. Versatility They can measure both static and dynamic forces and are compatible with various mounting configurations, including threaded mounts, rod ends, and clevises. 5. Durability With rugged materials and sealed construction, many inline load cells are designed for harsh environments, offering resistance to moisture, dust, and vibration. Important Considerations When Selecting an Inline Load Cell Choosing the right inline load cell depends on several factors: 1. Load Range Select a load cell with a capacity slightly higher than your maximum expected force. Overloading can permanently damage the sensor or reduce its accuracy. 2. Direction of Force Determine whether you need to measure tension, compression, or both. Some load cells are unidirectional, while others are bidirectional. 3. Environment Consider exposure to temperature extremes, water, chemicals, or vibration. Look for models with appropriate IP ratings and environmental sealing. 4. Mounting Requirements Ensure compatibility with your mechanical setup. Inline load cells often come with threaded ends, flanges, or eye bolts for easy integration. 5. Output Signal Decide between analog output (e.g., mV/V, 4-20mA) or digital options (e.g., USB, RS-485). Some systems also include built-in signal conditioning. 6. Calibration High-precision applications may require NIST-traceable calibration certificates. Regular calibration ensures accuracy over time. Maintenance and Calibration Proper maintenance ensures long-term accuracy and performance: Routine Calibration: Inline load cells should be calibrated periodically using certified weights or comparison against a standard. Inspect for Damage: Check for mechanical wear, cable damage, or corrosion, especially in outdoor or industrial settings. Avoid Overload: Use overload protection or mechanical stops if accidental force spikes are possible. Conclusion Inline load cells are indispensable tools in a wide range of industries, offering high accuracy, compact design, and direct measurement capabilities. Their ability to measure axial forces with precision makes them ideal for both dynamic and static applications—from automation and robotics to research and materials testing. Whether you're designing a complex test rig or integrating force measurement into an existing system, understanding the features, benefits, and considerations of inline load cells ensures you get the most out of your instrumentation investment. As industries continue to push the boundaries of innovation and precision, inline load cells will remain central to safe, efficient, and high-performance systems. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

Pillow Block Type Load Cell – Accurate Load Measurement for Rotating Equipment Introduction to Pillow Block Type Load Cells In the realm of industrial automation and precision weighing, the pillow block type load cell has emerged as a critical component for accurate force measurement. These specialized load cells are designed to measure the load or force applied through rotating shafts or pillow block bearings, commonly found in conveyor systems, belt-driven machinery, and rotating equipment. The integration of load cells into pillow blocks offers a compact, efficient, and reliable way to monitor mechanical loads in real-time. Their design supports direct mounting under existing pillow block bearings, making them a preferred choice in applications where downtime and modifications must be minimized. What Is a Pillow Block Load Cell? A pillow block load cell is a type of force sensor that is installed beneath a pillow block bearing. Pillow blocks are used to provide support for a rotating shaft and maintain its alignment, typically in heavy-duty industrial machinery. The load cell measures the force transmitted through the bearing, often in vertical or horizontal directions, depending on the mounting orientation. Unlike conventional load cells that may require complex mounting and calibration, pillow block type load cells are engineered to seamlessly fit under standard pillow block bearing housings, offering plug-and-play functionality. How Does a Pillow Block Load Cell Work? These load cells operate on the principle of strain gauge technology, where mechanical deformation under load is converted into an electrical signal. When the shaft and its attached bearing exert force onto the pillow block, the internal sensing elements in the load cell detect the strain and output a proportional electrical signal. The signal can be processed by a weighing controller or PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) to monitor loads in real-time. The result is precise, consistent data that helps in performance monitoring, overload protection, and weight-based control of materials. Key Features and Benefits 1. Easy Installation Pillow block load cells are designed to fit under existing pillow block bearings without significant modifications. Their low-profile and rugged design makes installation simple and quick. 2. High Accuracy These load cells provide excellent measurement accuracy with minimal drift, even in dynamic conditions. They are suitable for both static and dynamic load applications. 3. Robust Construction Typically made from stainless steel or alloy steel, pillow block load cells are built to withstand harsh industrial environments, including dust, moisture, and vibration. 4. Real-Time Load Monitoring Ideal for continuous processes, the real-time data provided helps prevent equipment failure due to overload and supports predictive maintenance strategies. 5. Compact and Space-Saving Their integration into the bearing system eliminates the need for separate weighing platforms or external sensors, saving space and reducing system complexity. Common Applications Pillow block type load cells are widely used in industries where rotating shafts, conveyors, and material handling systems are prevalent. Key applications include: Conveyor Belt Weighing Systems Measure load on belts and provide feedback to regulate feed rates and maintain optimal load balance. Paper and Textile Industries Monitor tension and pressure in rollers and shafts to ensure consistent product quality. Mining and Aggregate Processing Used in crushers, feeders, and screening systems to monitor mechanical load and reduce wear and tear. Food and Beverage Manufacturing Measure loads in high-speed packaging and material handling systems to maintain efficiency and reduce waste. Steel and Metal Fabrication Track mechanical stress on rotating shafts during manufacturing and assembly. Types of Pillow Block Load Cells Several types of pillow block load cells are available to suit specific applications: 1. Single-Axis Load Cells Measure force in one direction (typically vertical or horizontal) and are ideal for straightforward load monitoring tasks. 2. Multi-Axis Load Cells Measure force in multiple directions simultaneously, useful in complex systems where forces may act in more than one axis. 3. High-Temperature Load Cells Designed for environments with elevated temperatures such as metal processing and kilns. 4. Custom Load Cells Engineered to meet specific size, load range, and mounting requirements, often used in specialized OEM machinery. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Pillow Block Load Cell When selecting the right load cell for your application, consider the following: - Load Range Choose a load cell with a capacity that matches or slightly exceeds the maximum expected load. - Mounting Dimensions Ensure compatibility with the existing pillow block bearing system. - Environmental Conditions Consider protection ratings (IP67/IP68), temperature resistance, and corrosion resistance for your operating environment. - Output Signal Verify whether the system requires analog (e.g., 4–20 mA, mV/V) or digital output, depending on your data acquisition or PLC system. - Accuracy and Sensitivity Look for specifications such as non-linearity, hysteresis, and repeatability to ensure the level of precision required for your application. Installation and Maintenance Tips Proper installation and maintenance are crucial for optimal performance: Use flat, rigid mounting surfaces to prevent distortion. Align the load cell correctly with the direction of force. Avoid excessive torque during mounting to prevent damage. Regularly inspect cables and connectors for wear or damage. Calibrate the system periodically to maintain measurement accuracy. Conclusion The pillow block type load cell is a versatile, efficient solution for real-time load measurement in rotating equipment. Its ability to seamlessly integrate into existing bearing systems makes it an ideal choice for many industrial applications. Whether you're optimizing a conveyor line, monitoring roller tension, or implementing overload protection in heavy-duty equipment, this type of load cell delivers precision, reliability, and durability. With the growing need for automated, data-driven manufacturing, investing in accurate force measurement technology like pillow block load cells is a smart move for improving efficiency, safety, and equipment longevity. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal

Pancake Load Cell: The Ultimate Guide for Precision Force Measurement In industries that rely heavily on accurate force measurement, the pancake load cell stands out as a robust and reliable solution. Also known as low-profile load cells, these devices are designed to offer precise force readings in both tension and compression applications. Whether you're working in aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, or testing environments, understanding how pancake load cells work—and how to choose the right one—is crucial for efficiency and safety. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore what a pancake load cell is, how it works, its key features, applications, and tips for selecting the right model for your needs. What Is a Pancake Load Cell? A pancake load cell is a type of force transducer designed with a flat, disc-like shape—hence the name “pancake.” These load cells are engineered to measure axial loads, either in tension or compression, and they are known for their high accuracy, low profile, and wide load capacity range (from a few kilograms to several tons). They are typically made from high-strength stainless steel or aluminum and feature strain gauge technology that converts applied mechanical force into an electrical signal. This allows precise force monitoring in various environments. Key Features of Pancake Load Cells Low Profile Design The compact, disc-shaped design makes pancake load cells ideal for applications with limited vertical space. Their flat geometry enables easy integration into machines and test setups. High Accuracy and Repeatability Due to their symmetrical design and central loading structure, these load cells deliver high linearity and repeatability, even in harsh conditions. Tension and Compression Measurement Pancake load cells are capable of measuring forces in both directions, making them highly versatile. Overload Protection Many models come with built-in overload protection, ensuring durability and minimizing damage from excessive loads. High Load Capacity Pancake load cells are available in various capacities, ranging from a few hundred pounds to over 500,000 pounds (or 250 tons). Customizable Options Manufacturers often provide custom mounting holes, integrated connectors, and environmental sealing (IP65, IP67, etc.) to suit specific applications. How Does a Pancake Load Cell Work? Pancake load cells operate on the strain gauge principle. Here’s a simplified breakdown of how they work: When a force is applied to the central hub of the load cell, it causes slight deformation in the metal body. This deformation is picked up by bonded strain gauges—tiny sensors that change resistance based on the amount of strain. The change in resistance is converted into a measurable electrical signal (typically in mV/V), which is then amplified and interpreted by a data acquisition system or digital display. The central loading mechanism ensures that force is evenly distributed, minimizing off-axis errors and enhancing accuracy. Common Applications of Pancake Load Cells Pancake load cells are used in a wide range of industries, including: 1. Automotive Testing Used for engine testing, brake testing, and chassis load measurement to ensure vehicle safety and performance. 2. Aerospace Ideal for structural testing, fatigue testing, and component validation under extreme conditions. 3. Industrial Automation In automated manufacturing lines, pancake load cells help monitor applied forces in robotic arms, press machines, and welding systems. 4. Material Testing Essential for tensile and compression testing of metals, plastics, and composites in R&D labs and quality control. 5. Construction and Structural Monitoring Used to monitor load distribution in bridges, support structures, and cranes. Advantages Over Other Load Cell Types While there are many types of load cells—such as S-beam, shear beam, and button load cells—pancake load cells offer unique advantages: Feature Pancake Load Cell S-Beam Load Cell Button Load Cell Load Direction Tension & Compression Tension & Compression Mostly Compression Accuracy Very High Medium to High Medium Profile Low Medium Very Low Capacity Range Broad Medium Low to Medium Mounting Requirements Central Bolt Threaded Rod Flat Surface Choosing the Right Pancake Load Cell When selecting a pancake load cell, consider the following factors: Load Capacity Choose a capacity that suits your expected force range but allows for potential overloads. Always factor in a safety margin. Environmental Conditions If used in outdoor or harsh industrial environments, opt for load cells with high IP ratings and corrosion-resistant materials. Mounting Requirements Make sure the load cell has the right mounting hole pattern and thread specifications for your setup. Output Signal Type Determine whether you need an analog output (e.g., mV/V, 4-20mA) or a digital output (e.g., RS485, USB) based on your data acquisition system. Cable and Connector Options Check whether the load cell comes with an integrated cable or detachable connector. In some cases, a shielded cable is important to reduce electrical noise. Calibration and Maintenance Tips To maintain the accuracy and longevity of your pancake load cell: Calibrate regularly using certified calibration weights or services. Avoid lateral forces or off-axis loading, which may affect performance. Inspect the load cell and mounting hardware for wear or misalignment. Store and handle with care, especially the sensor cable and connector area. Final Thoughts : A pancake load cell is a precision force measurement device known for its low profile, high accuracy, and versatility. Whether you're involved in R&D, industrial automation, or structural testing, these load cells offer reliable performance across a broad range of applications. When properly selected and maintained, a pancake load cell can be a long-term solution that enhances the accuracy and safety of your measurement systems.

Load Pin Load Cell: Accurate Force Measurement Built into Your Structure In the world of industrial lifting, marine operations, and structural monitoring, knowing the exact load being applied to critical components is essential for safety and efficiency. One highly effective and space-efficient solution is the load pin load cell—a custom-engineered force-sensing pin that directly replaces standard structural pins in machinery or lifting systems. Whether used in cranes, winches, sheaves, or shackles, load pin load cells offer a discreet yet highly accurate way to monitor force in real-time, right at the point of load application. What Is a Load Pin Load Cell? A load pin load cell is a cylindrical pin equipped with strain gauges that measure shear force. It is designed to replace a regular clevis or pivot pin, providing force measurement without the need for external mounting or complex hardware. The load pin is typically installed in equipment such as crane hooks, shackles, pulleys, or lifting beams, where it bears load and simultaneously measures the tension or compression passing through it. Because of its direct integration, it's considered a space-saving, customized force measurement solution. How Does It Work? Internally, load pins use strain gauge technology, placed in cross-drilled holes within the pin’s body. When force is applied, the pin experiences shear stress, and the strain gauges detect the tiny deformations. These deformations are converted into an electrical signal, which is calibrated to reflect the actual load applied. Many modern load pin sensors also include amplifiers, signal conditioners, or wireless transmitters, making them easy to connect with digital displays, PLCs, or remote monitoring systems. Key Benefits of Load Pin Load Cells ✅ Space-Efficient Integration Since the load pin directly replaces existing structural pins, it requires no additional mounting brackets or external force sensors. ✅ High Accuracy Typical accuracy ranges from ±0.5% to ±1.0% of full scale, suitable for most industrial and marine applications. ✅ Customizable Design Load pin load cells can be customized in terms of diameter, length, capacity, and material to fit existing equipment and load conditions. ✅ Rugged and Reliable Made from stainless steel or high-strength alloy steel, load pins are designed for harsh environments, often sealed to IP67 or IP68 standards. ✅ Ideal for Shackle and Hoist Monitoring Used in load shackles, hoists, and towing systems, they provide real-time feedback without altering mechanical design. Common Applications Marine & Offshore Winches Crane Hooks and Booms Lifting Shackles Sheaves and Cable Tensioners Hydraulic Cylinder Pins Anchor Line Monitoring Conclusion The load pin load cell is a smart, compact, and highly effective force measurement solution for applications where space is limited and accuracy is critical. With its ability to integrate directly into mechanical structures, it provides real-time load data without the complexity of traditional load cells. For industries like marine, aerospace, heavy lifting, and manufacturing, load pins offer the perfect balance of precision, durability, and simplicity. If you're seeking a custom-engineered sensor that won’t compromise your equipment design, the load pin load cell may be the ideal choice. We are also supply in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal